The Use of UNIX Regular Expressions

Regular Expressions are a standard function of the UNIX operating system.
They are used to search for or replace text located within files or from the
keyboard. The UNIX commands GREP (Global Regular Expression Print) and
SUBS (SUBstitue Strings) are used to manipulate text via regular expressions.

There are various characters that the reuglar expression processor sees as
having special meaning. These special characters are:

.       period      matches any alpha-numeric character

^       caret       matches the beginning of the line
                          zgrep ^#include
                    will find all line beginning with #include

$       dollar      matches the end of the line
                          zgrep }$
                    will find all lines ending with a close brace

*       asterisk    Repeats any number of the last pattern. Includes
                    zero repetitions.
                          zgrep  test*
                    finds lines with at least one occurence of test.

[]      brakets     specifies a set of given characters.
                          zgrep ^[abcd0123]
                    will find lines begining with any one of the
                    specified characters.

-       hyphen      denotes a range of characters.
                          zgrep [A-Z0-9]$
                    finds lines ending in a capital letter or a number.

\       backslash   removes the special characteristics of a character.
                          zgrep \$
                    finds dollar signs in a line of text.
                          zgrep ^[A-D].*\.C$
                    will locate all .C files that begin with the letters
                    A through D.  Notice the escaping of the '.' before
                    the C extent.

,       comma       separates multiple reglar expressions
                          zgrep ^[A-D],EXE$

                    will locate all files that begin with the letters
                    A through D and All files that end in EXE.

NOTE:   When the caret (^) is used as the first character after a left
        square braket, it reverses the meaning of the search.
                zgrep [^A-Z]&
        will find all lines not ending with a capital letter.
                zgrep ^[^A-Z]
        will find all lines not begining with a capital letter. Note that
        in this case the caret is used in both contexts.

Pattern Segments

At times is is useful to denote a segment of the search string.  In
ZGrep is a powerful tool to find any combination of file names.

\(      denotes the beginning of a segment.
\)      denotes the end of a segment.

The best way to understand this usage is by example.

    To find all files that begin with the letters A-M

    \(.*\) [A-M]

    
In this command the use of the '.*' within the first segment is a powerful
construction. It is the same as the DOS '*' wild card. The period followed by
the asterisk means repeat any character any number of times. The files of the
file is the first part of the search.